Perfect for a special PE lesson! #PE They believed in the existence of a place of darkness called Xibalba (translated as “place of fear”), an underworld located deep below the ground and sea, in caves and cenotes, where the spirits go in the afterlife. high-ranking captives and prisoners of war were contestants 3. For example, sometimes people sacrificed themselves in the ball game called Pok-a-Tok. The ball had to be kept in constant. The object of the game was to move a hard rubber ball. People from all levels of Mayan society attended the popular games. Description. book. Therefore, the Option B is. 500?, What was the layout of most Mayan cities? and more. Possibly originating among the Olmecs (La Venta culture, c. 0 License. pdf, 1. You can't use your hands. ). El Caracol. What happened to the losers in Pok-A-Tok? Pok-A-Tok was often played by prisoners of war, and the members of the losing team were offered as sacrificed to the gods. After school I practice pok-a-tok. It is a year of dreadful drought. Pok-a-tok, môn thể thao này được xem như một hình thức giải trí và thể hiện tín ngưỡng tôn giáo của cộng đồng. Activities. ball game played w/ 2 teams of nobles, players tried to hit a rubber ball. Ballcourts were often located within ceremonial centres and usually each. Pok-a-Tok. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 300-900 AD, Located in the Mexican and Central American rainforest, Represented by Chichén Itzá/ capital city was Tikal and more. Mayan Word Search. Members of the losing team may have been sacrificed. Elevated arena. The game, which was rooted in myth, had great religious and political importance. The Yucatec Mayan language is still spoken by the elders, but my friends and I know just a few words. Is Pok-A-Tok still played? Pok Ta Pok is one of the variations of the Mesoamerican ball game also known to the Aztecs as Tlachtli, as Pitz to the Classic Maya, and still played in parts of Mexico as Ulama. They can write the equipment, team and player numbers and important rules on the worksheet and even have a go at playing their version to see if it works. The game—known as Pitz or Pok-a-Tok—was like an early form of squash with players hitting the ball with their elbows, knees or hips. Players would hit the rubber ball with a bat like in baseball. and more. •Players tried to hit. Putting a ball through the hoop on the side. 381 subscribers. The ball game known as Pok-a-tok combined elements of modern basketball and soccer. Maya, Inca, and Aztec Empires Crossword PDF Maya, Inca, and Aztec Empires Crossword Word Document. This resource contains lots of colourful illustrations and fascinating facts that make the topic engaging for students. Players tried to hit a solid rubber ball through a stone ring by using their leather-padded elbows, wrists, and hips. Mayan game / hoop as high as 20 ft tall / 6-8 lbs rubber ball / used head, shoulders, legs, hips and chest / could take hours or even days to play / historians are unsure, but either the winners or the losers were sacrificed. Pok-a-Tok was a ball game played by the ancient Mayans over 1000 years ago. Mesoamerican ballgame: pok a tok mayan ball game. My brother shaves his face and puts on cologne before he eats breakfast. Believed to have extended as. It is known for its hieroglyphic. You can't use your hands. Pok-A-Tok is a fast-paced ball game played by the Maya of Central America. Ulama and Pok Ta Pok are the world’s oldest continuously played team and ball sports, with ball courts dating back to 1400 BC. I was thrilled to see a demonstration of Pok-A-Tok, the ancient Mayan ball game! I took this photo of the fierce drummer and dancer, who look like living skeletons. The First Hero Twins . By Felicita Cantun Fifteen years ago, I was at a linguistic conference in Bullet Tree Falls, in the Cayo District, with participants from Guatemala, Mexico, and Belize. Congrats, you now know precically how to play. 0 (1 review) Maya Song for Kids Lyrics. Multiple Choice. They include a cross-shaped board game called Patolli and a ball game called Pok-a-Tok. It is a year of dreadful drought. The Mayans were able to create a detailed calendar because of their advancements in:First, choose two teams that have the same amount of people and choose who is scoring in each hoop. The difference is that in their football matches, players must fight not only win-lose but also between life and death. Chichen Itza is the largest known Mayan ball court that has been found it is larger than our. Explain the game of pok-a-tok. My quest to revive an ancient Maya ball game in Belize. After visiting Chichen Itza, try to plan a trip to visit Tikal in Guatemala - another of the. MINOR : MAJOR :: _____ : malignant. Serious injury was common as players dove onto stone courts to keep a ball in play and would end the game bloodied and bruised. After school I practice pok-a-tok. It is not played anymore by the Maya today. They believed that the court was the world and the ball represented the heavenly body. After school I practice pok-a-tok. In this text, the early demi-gods Hun Hunahpu and Vucub Hunahpu (symbolizing planets and fertility) are excellent Pok-a-Tok players. They include a cross-shaped board game called Patolli and a ball game called Pok-a-Tok. Pok-a-tok is an ancient Maya game in which you hit a basketball size rubber ball with your hips, thighs, and chest. (a. 400 bce) or even earlier, the game spread to subsequent cultures, among them those of Monte Albán and El Tajín; the Maya (as pok-ta-pok); and the Toltec, Mixtec, and Aztec. We found out that the Maya played the earliest team sport in the world, a ball game called Pok-ta-tok. It is their most famous game, which is thought to have been invented around 2000 BCE. The context clues show that the Maya tradition that has continued in Maarit's household is C. What are the rules for the pok-ta-pok from the Maya? Pokta-Pok is a game played by the mayans. In the lesson, Yatzil shared that the Maya could not use their _____ in the pok-a-tok game. You will see the ruins of old ballcourts at Mayan cities throughout Mexico and wider Latin America. The object of the game was to move a hard rubber ball without the use of hands or feet. How to say pok-a-tok in English? Pronunciation of pok-a-tok with 4 audio pronunciations, 2 translations and more for pok-a-tok. Print it Color Online. [QuarkXPress (. It is a year of dreadful drought. In the Classic Maya language (or Classic Ch'olti') the Ball Game is. k. One of the ways that the Mayan peoples competed against each other was by playing what has been called the Ball Game. book. If there were two players in a team, they assisted each other. They couldn't use their hands. For the Maya people, the ball represented the Sun, the Moon, or planets and the court was the cosmos. you play by hitting the ball with your hip, by wearing a bronze belt. These games could go on for days. Almost every Mayan city had a ballcourt to play the ball game Pok-A-Tok. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Olmec: Stone Heads, Mayan: Pok-a-tok, Aztec: Tenochtitlan and more. Men usually married around age 20. Después de la escuela, todos los días a las tres y media de la tarde, voy a la práctica de pok-a-tok. Every major Mayan city had teams of one or two players playing Pok-A-Tok. a central market C. Sa pagitan ng 300 C. These games were often very brutal, with the losing team sacrificed to the gods. Maya Maths – Challenge your children to solve the calculations using Maya. How would you judge the value of work programs such as the CCC, CWA, and the TVA? Verified answer. Pok-A-Tok was a ball game played by the ancient Maya well over 1000 years ago in what’s now Cancun and Riviera Maya. Pok-a-tok is an ancient Maya game in which you hit a basketball size rubber ball with your hips, thighs, and your hands. At the end of the game, the winning captain was honored by being beheaded. Origin. 4. The game was said to symbolise the battle between good and evil. Maya. A Mayan Ball game that sometimes had religious meaning. Pok-a-tok is an ancient Maya game in which you hit a basketball size rubber ball with your hips, thighs, and chest. Mayan pok a tok clothing Ancient American ballgame The ball in front of the goal during a game of pok-ta-pok. The Maya Ball Game: A Religious Event Of Regeneration. Préstasi aranjeunna tetep jadi tatarucingan tapi Maya méré ilham kami pikeun hirup ku cara anu langkung nyukupan. The game – known as Pitz or Pok-a-Tok – was like an early form of squash with players hitting the ball with their elbows, knees or hips. After school I practice pok-a-tok. The Yucatec Mayan language is still spoken by the elders, but my friends and I know just a few words. Thanks to a group of young Belizean men, this ancient Maya ball game remains alive! The Yucatec Maya group Ek Balam, originated in the Yo Creek Village Orange Walk District as a group of individuals fighting to preserve their cultural traditions. The game of pok-a-tok was played by the incas, Mayas, & Aztecz. Pok-A-Tok was played in teams of one or two players in every major Mayan city. The Mayan ball game goes back 3,500 years, making it the first organized game in the history of sports. Maya sculptures and ceramic vessels often depict ballplayers in a distinctive posture (1970. This Pok-ta-Pok Maya game resource contains two PDF sheets which can be printed on A4 paper. Pok-A-Tok was played in teams of one or two players in every major Mayan city. You can't use your hands. 800–c. Members of the losing team would sometimes be sacrificed to the gods. hands. Football is always a king sport that captivates millions of hearts in the world. Why was pok-a-tok so significant from a religious standpoint? The losers were sacrificed as a gift to the gods, which was a religious practice. Pok-a-tok is an ancient Maya game in which you hit a basketball size rubber ball with your hips, thighs, and chest. The goal is to hit the ball into a stone hoop. This ancient cultural relic is being preserved for future generations as an ancient cultural treasure. The game may have also been played as anThe Maya found a way to let go of their anger and focus on fighting for survival in the game. 138a,b), poised to hit the ball with their hip. bride and groom did not choose each other. The Maya Ball Game: A Religious Event Of Regeneration. It symbolized the struggle of life over death, and war and hunting. girl washing face. The losing team was usually sacrificed. A. Pok-a-tok is a ritual Mayan ball game that involves getting a ball through a hoop and ritual human sacrificesSymbolic Meaning Of The Ballcourts. The ball game Pok-A-Tok was an important practice to the Maya. Subscribed. ” Important rulers in Mayan society were often buried with spirit companions, as well as plenty of pottery, food, minerals, masks, and other goods. 7 (15 reviews) 1 Week Maya Civilization Themed Morning Activities UKS2 5. Pok-A-Tok Is the Ancient Mayan Sport We Dare You to Play . The main character, Pik, challenges the mighty rain god, Chac, to an intense, hazardous contest, with the help of a daring jaguar, followed by a soaring Quetzal and the cenote's water. Pok-A-Tok was often played by prisoners of war, and the members of the losing team were offered as sacrificed to the gods. "In the lesson, Yatzil shared that the Maya could not use their hands in the pok-a-tok game. Known among the Aztecs as “tlachtli”, Pok-A-Tok was an important part of their political and religious festivals. The loosing team was often sacrificed. Legend tells us that these games could be very brutal, and in some cases the members of the losing team were sacrificed to the gods. A. Maya buildings, especially their temple pyramids, were massive struc tures built of lime-stone blocks. They believed that playing the game would bring good harvests and please the gods. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Mesoamerica, Chavin, Moche and more. There are plenty of tours of Chichen Itza to consider taking to enhance the experience. The Mayan people were very superstitious and believed that the only way to keep the gods happy was to sacrifice a valuable human – a ball player. The Yucatec Mayan language is still spoken by the elders, but my friends and I know just a few word After school I practice pok-a-tok. Notably, there are ballcourts at Chichen Itza and Uxmal. Pok a Tok was a game of high religious importance. Do you want to have a go to playing an Ancient Mayan bullet game? ONE story told with Adobe Spark. . The general belief is that the ball, five pounds of solid rubber, could only be hit with forearms and thighs. In the lesson, Yatzil explained that the Maya practiced Pok-a-tok every day because they could face horrible consequences if they lost. pok-a-tok. Pok-a-tok is an ancient Maya game in which you hit a basketball size rubber ball with your hips, thighs, and chest. The Maya of Central America play Pok-A-Tok, a fast-paced ball game. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain the mesoamerican ball game pok-a-tok?, What happened around A. Pok-a-tok was a ball game that was played by the ancient Mayan people. Through a. It’s rare, but Mayans in Belize still practice the ancient game of Pok-A-Tok today, a cross between soccer and basketball—except much, much more difficult to play. The losing team was sacrificed and the captain of the losing team was beheaded. Pok-a-tok • Dates back to around 3000 BC • Olmecs, Mayans and Aztecs. 21 KB. Pitz or pok-a-tok, a Mesoamerican sport that involved rolling rubber balls, was a popular sport in the past. concepts. They include a cross-shaped board game called Patolli and a ball game called Pok-a-Tok. 'Pok-A-Tok' was a sort of cross between football and basketball that was played using a rubber ball. The goal of the game was to maneuver the ball through a stone hoop. a. A Mayan ball game where they used their knees and hips to launch a ball through a stone ring. •Players tried to hit. 2. A. Sacred Round. Ce jeu préhispanique constitue aujourd’hui l’une des grandes traditions qui survivent dans la péninsule du Yucatán [dans le sud-est du Mexique]. Customize Add, edit, delete clues, and customize this puzzle. They both played pok-a-tok. Ball player disc from Chinkultic, Chiapas ( CC By 2. The Yucatec Mayan language is still spoken by the elders, but my friends and I know just a few word After school I practice pok-a-tok. Pok-a-Tok, also known as Pitz, is an ancient Mayan ball game that originated over 3,000 years ago. Les Mayas l’appelaient pok-ta-pok, onomatopée imitant le rebond de la balle de caoutchouc. 2. This lesson works well when teaching social structure, religion or leisure in the Mayan civilisation. And there’s evidence that the Toltecs and Aztecs played variations of the game, too, as there are stadiums (for lack of a better term) dotted throughout Mexico. Key Stage: Key Stage 2. Like in most ball team sports, the aim of Pok ta Pok is to get the ball through the opposing team's defenses to score. Ang pinakapaborito nilang laro ay ang Pok Ta Pok na isang uri ng basketball. Discover the thrills and challenges of the Maya's favorite sport, pok-a-tok, and explore the reasons behind their unique beauty standards. How to say pok-a-tok in English? Pronunciation of pok-a-tok with 4 audio pronunciations, 2 translations and more for pok-a-tok. mesoamerica astronomy calendars pok-a-tok obsidian palenque codex pacal maize maya . 30 seconds. Mesoamerican ballgame: pok a tok mayan ball game. Hence, the statement is not true about "pok-a-tok" is that anyone in Mayan culture could play. Illustration. Pok a tok- ball game that is thought to have religious meaning. concepts. Every Mayan city had a ball court where the sport of pok-a-tok was played. Copy. Curriculum topics available: Maya Civilisation. Stone cover seizing 90 per 60 cm with the representation of. the Calendar Stone C. Massive. The remains of a Pok-A-Tok court can be found at the base of El Torre. Which statement below is NOT true about the Mayan Pok-a-tok game? This is a ball game played by two teams of nobles. Maya, the Mayans, chocolate, Pok-a-Tok, Fair Trade, Aztecs, Incas, South America, civilisations, gods, bravery, loyalty. The main character, Pik, challenges the. . , What are 4 qualities a Mayan man should have?, What are 4 qualities a Mayan woman should have? and more. comDiscover the thrilling game of 'pok-a-tok' played by the ancient Maya civilization. To see a more serious game, look out for the Mayan Ballgame World Cup. When was the ball game invented. They played with a 6 pound ball. The ballgame played here was quite different to those we are familiar with today – hands and feet could not. Pok-a-tok is an ancient Maya game in which you hit a basketball size rubber ball with your hips, thighs, and chest. After school I practice pok-a-tok. mypapalote. This download includes: The Ancient Maya Guide – Includes information about when and where the Maya lived, palaces and temples, nobles, warriors, merchants, craftsmen and their game Pok-a-tok! An excerpt from the comprehensive glossary is also included. Like this vide. a central market C. us history. You can't use your hands. It is aimed at children 8-10 years old, but can be enjoyed by people of all ages. It is one of the oldest team sports in the world. what was pok-a-tok. There were a few differences from our current day interpretation of the sport, and this included. When I finish breakfast, I brush my teeth, wash my face, and get dressed for school. The Mayan cycle of fifty-two years, which incorporated both the solar and religious calendars, was known as _____. Después de la escuela, todos los días a las tres y media de la tarde, voy a la práctica de pok-a-tok. It was played on an odd shaped field. The Yucatec Mayan language is still spoken by the elders, but my friends and I know just a few words. In Mexico, a group of athletes are on a mission to revive an ancient sporting tradition – a tribute to the game once enjoyed by their ancestors. stele. The main character, Pik, challenges the mighty rain god, Chac, to an intense, hazardous contest, with the help of a daring jaguar, followed by a soaring Quetzal and the cenote's water. " The game was played from the wide ends, terminal to terminal of the I, with the goal being to maneuver a hard rubber ball to the opposing team 's te1minal. We cover many aspects of the Mayan people. This week Year 5 combined their History lesson with some sport to find out more about the Ancient Maya. Where to see the game. Known in Yucatán as Pok Ta Pok, the Mesoamerican ball game is a ritual sport played since at least 1650 BC by pre-Columbian peoples across the Americas. The Mayan people appeared to have used it to play a ritualistic. Pok-A-Tok was played by two teams. The goal is to hit the ball into a stone hoop. Additionally, the motion of the ball symbolized the rotation of the sun for the Aztec, Olmeca and Mayan people. Mayan Afterlife 1 pt. The Mayan people appeared to have used it to play a ritualistic. ) Ang Kabihasnang Maya sa Yucatan Peninsula ay namayani sa rehiyon sa Timog Mexico hanggang Guatemala. docx, 14. Pok a Tok was a fast-paced ball game played by the Mayas. "The first pair of divine hero twins were the Maize Twins, 1 Hunter "Hun Hunahpu" and 7 Hunter. The ancient Mesoamericans considered Pok-A-Tok as the. The winner of the ball game would have the losers to sacrifice to the gods. Describe the marriage customs of the Maya. Chichen Itza Great Ball Court Entrance Fee: $614 MXN ($28. In some areas, players used wooden paddles to move the ball around the court. to challenge. Mayan Ballcourt . The game the Maya played on their ball courts was called Pok-A-Tok. Pok-a-Tok was a ball game played by the ancient Mayans over 1000 years ago. Pok-A-Tok was played since at least 1,400 BC by the pre. Pok-a-tok is an ancient Maya game in which you hit a basketball size rubber ball with your hips, thighs, and chest. Historic Chichen Itza i. The object of the game was for the two opposing side to try and hit a solid, hard rubber ball into a stone hoop placed at both ends of the playing field. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. The losers were often put to death. ay nakamit ng Maya ang rurok ng kanyang kabihasnan. It is a year of dreadful drought. If you’ve visited Chichen Itzá, Cobá or other Maya ruins, you probably saw the. Pok-a-tok is an ancient Maya game in which you hit a basketball size rubber ball with your hips, thighs, and chest. This story was written by the great, creative David Wisniewski, based on Mayan culture and the game, Pok-a-tok. a day to remember loved ones. ”. Two remarkable acoustical features were noticed during excavation in the 1920s, but never explained or interpreted. Pok-ta-pok, according to the OED, is “the Maya name of the sacred ball game of Middle America, called tlachtli by the Aztecs, which was played on a court as a religious ritual. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Settled the Yucatan Peninsula of present day Mexico, not one empire but a patchwork of city states and kingdoms, What ancient civilizations were the Maya like?, T or F: religion was the center of Mayan life and more. The ancient Maya civilization is the setting for this original tale, inspired by the Maya belief that fate is divinely decreed and cannot be changed. In fact, Mesoamerican ball courts have been found as far north as Arizona and as far south as Nicaragua. The Maya civilization, known for its advanced cultural and sporting activities, engaged in a ballgame called "pok-a-tok. Millennial Pok Ta Pok. This was centered around the calendar system and their knowledge of astronomy. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Olmec: Stone Heads, Mayan: Pok-a-tok, Aztec: Tenochtitlan and more. Ancient civilizations have played Pok-ta-pok, which is the world’s oldest team sport in which a ball is used. The general belief is that the ball, five pounds of solid rubber, could only be hit with forearms and thighs. In the lesson, Maarit had to _____ at 6:15 a. By;Kariann Hajek. Like all Mesoamerican cultures, the Maya believed in cyclical time, including periodic cosmic destruction and renovation, called the "ages of the world. A Mayan could be buried alone or with other individuals known as “spirit companions. Chinampas. This meant Pok-A-Tok balls were very heavy and very hard. -If you committed a crime, there are no prisons so you become part of the slave class system. to please the Gods. The Mayans referred to the game as Pok-a-tok and the Aztecs called the game Tlachtli. The first is the city of Merida, Mexico, where there is a demonstration of the ballgame each Friday night in the central square. It is their most famous game, which is thought to have been invented around 2000 BCE. Playing pok-a-tok lives a fun, exiting game with a few easy rules. Next, powerfully begin the game. The Mayan calendar was. Players tried to drive a rubber ball through a stone ring set about 30 feet (9 m) in the air,Pok-A-Tok. May 8, 2006 by languagehat 20 Comments. Browse 10+ pok a tok stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. 0 ) To the Mayans, the game was known as Pok a Tok, to the Aztec it was Tlachtli, while nowadays most people refer to it as Ulama. hieroglyphics. Aztecs. Pok Ta Pok is one of the Mesoamerican ball game forms also known as Tlachtli by the Aztecs, Pitz by the Classic Maya, and Ulama in portions of Mexico. The ball court is located at Jardín Pachamama on the Yo Creek - San Lazaro Road in the Orange Walk. Rain Player. Most ordinary Maya people lived in small and simple homes on the edge of cities. Similar to basket ball. They were once used by an ancient Maya tribe to build their beautiful temples and carvings. They were a medium to connect with the divine, settle disputes, and establish social hierarchies. You can't use your hands. Dive into a world that feels surprisingly relatable, despite being centuries apart from our modern lives. Based on the text, a common Maya practice in Maarit's community is Pok-a-tok. However, the court at Chichen Itza is the largest in the country and all of Mesoamerica. Aztec- patullia- cross board game, tlachtli- similar to Mayan ball game pok a tok. Between the Teotihuacan and Aztec galleries, you can see examples of these ball hoops from places where the ball game was played. Sutherland -. Also large headdresses to symbolize importance of a leader (flat foreheads and crossed eyes included. According to Mayan beliefs, their deities enjoyed watching and admired the victors. Pok-A-Tok was played since at least 1,400 BC by the pre-Columbian peoples of ancient Mesoamerica. The game was brutal. Mayan: Pok-a-tok. Pok-ta-Pok is a ceremonial ball game played by the Ancient Maya. Maya Cities • Cities were centers of religion and learning. Mayan- pok a tok- one court, two teams, the loser is offered to gods. In this episode we are going to make a Mayan Ballgame Court for our jungle village. Mayan Ballcourt . Follow. Similar versions of this game were adopted by the Aztecs and Toltec’s. STUDY. Verified answer. Each important site had a ball court that was typically located in a ceremonial centre. PLAY. Aztec: Tenochtitlan. It was not just a game for the Mayans but also held deep cultural and religious significance. Pok-A-Tok. How did the Mayan's look when they played the ball game. Spelling Seed Overview: Overview: This is a three-session Spelling Seed for the book Rain Player by David Wisniewski. And there’s evidence that the Toltecs and Aztecs played variations of the game, too, as there are stadiums (for lack of a better term) dotted throughout Mexico. More than 1,500 ball courts have been found throughout Mesoamerica and these were often located within important. What does this imply about the role of pok a tok in Mayan culture? Pok a tok had an important religious aspect in addition to its role as a sport. Historic Chichen Itza i. The goal is to hit the ball into a stone hoop. The remains of a Pok-A-Tok court can be found at the base of El Torre. The Mayan. Slash and burn. However, players were only allowed to pass and. They include a cross-shaped board game called Patolli and a ball game called Pok-a-Tok. The Yucatec Mayan language is still spoken by the elders, but my friends and I know just a few words. Người Maya xây dựng các sân bóng trên khắp lãnh thổ, và ngày nay các sân bóng cổ vẫn còn tồn tại ở bờ biển vịnh Mexico. Pok-Ta-Pok ball courts, which must have been inspiration for Harry Potter’s Quidditch, can still be found at Mayan archeological sites, such as Chichen Itza, and Uxmal. What was the purpose of the Mayan game Pok-A-Tok? For the Maya, Pok-A-Tok was more than just a challenging game. Pok-A-Tok is a Mayan ball game invented around 2000 BCE. Pok-Ta–Pok is an ancient Mayan ball game, that was played thousands of years ago as part of a sacred, sacrificial ceremony, pitting good against evil. The Maya ball game was called Pok-A-Tok. Xcaret - Pok-ta-Pok - Mayan ball game. KARINA ALEMAN [en] Vyera [en] Last updated November 13, 2023. The Mayan ball game, called Pok-a-Tok, was played using prisoners of war (Bentley and Ziegler 139). A ball game called pok-a-tok had a prominent role in Maya culture. Each Mayan city was ruled by (.